; TeX output 2008.01.18:1822߱~ Oc߱kː3X}DtqGcmr17GeneratingBChartswithFJvAcSo+T kPvICLT)vEzX5?荍|:~XQ ff cmr12Harald/MartinStau,MDkoDept.D>of/IntegrativePhysiologyEXThe/UniversityofIowal410/FieldHouse?Iowa/City4,IA52245tUSAhe-mail:D>harald-stauss@uiowa.eduhkJanuary/18,2008*߱~ O4XQ cmr122c߱4N cmbx12F1ADSUVTPaLIe9CTESX:8H.M.Stau,222cmmi8nd edition,2008UV"DedicatedtoJtheFVreeSoftrwareFoundationɻandallT UE!Xusers4This11manrual12wasgenerated12usingLDD"|{Ycmr8A_ٹT UE!XandPUIC T UE!X. }Thesourcesofthe4FyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!Xe[programtogetherwiththee\LDD"A_ٹT UEXsourcesofthismanrualare4freelyazarvXailable. XTherulesa{oftheGNUapubliclicenseapplyV. XTheauthor4wrouldappreciatereceivingpicturepSostcardsofthehometorwnofpSeople4wholikrethisprogram.0߱~ Oc߱ NH cmbx12Con8tentsB? 1GNUgeneralpubliclicenseˋ71.16JPreamrble . C............................֙71.26JTVermsandconditions&. C......................֚8? 2Intro`duction_15 3InstallationandUsage)17 4Themacrolanguage7*194.16JCommenrts,the%command(. C..................224.26JThesizecommandL. C.......................224.36JThetrypSecommand^̍. C.......................236J4.3.1\?XY-Graphs. C.......................246J4.3.2\?Line-GraphsXh. C.......................246J4.3.3\?Bar-Graphs. C.......................244.46JThetlinecommand-Regressionlines. C.............244.56JThexcommand)|. C.........................264.66JThexticlabSelscommandO֍. C....................284.76JTheycommand)|. C.........................294.86JThedxcommandꍍ. C........................314.96JThedycommandꍍ. C........................324.106JTheheadingcommandr. C.....................324.116JThexlabSelandylabelcommands>. C...............334.126JThexgridandygridcommandsvꍍ. C................344.136JThelegendcommand . C......................354.146JThepictexcommand%捍. C......................363߱~ O44=c}h! cmsl12CONTENTSc߱ߠ߱~ Oc߱ List T{ofFigures@3.16JAbargraphq. C...........................184.16JAlinegraph#q. C...........................204.26JAXY-graphwiththreeseriesD. C.................214.36JAgraphwithdi erenrtcharttypSes . C...............214.46JAnexamplewithanon-standardsize*ύ. C.............234.56JAsmallexamplewithregressionlines+. C.............254.66JAcomplexexamplewithregressionlinesۍ. C...........274.76JAnexamplewithoutx-coSordinatesፍ. C...............294.86JExampleswithlabSelsattheticsofthex-axis Ս. C.........304.96JAnexamplegivingextrainformationondatapSoinrts[. C.....314.106JAcrhartwithaheading/. C.....................334.116JAcrhartwithaheadingandlabSelsattheaxism. C........344.126JAcrhartwithgridlines0鍍. C.....................354.136JAnexamplewithlegends [. C....................364.146JPUIC T UE!XcommandsincludedinFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!X . C.........385L߱~ O46ɆLISTOFFIGURESc߱*߱~ Oc߱ > Chapter T{13 > GNU T{generalpubliclicense7?$VVersion2,June1991?=DCopryrightN9hc!", cmsy10 R1989,1991FVreeSoftrwareFoundation,Inc.\.X675MassAvre,Cambridge,MA02139,USA/EvreryoneispSermittedtocopryanddistributeverbatimcopies=JofthislicensedoScumenrt,butchangingitisnotallowed.-B NG cmbx121.16GPreamuble Thelicensesformostsoftrwarearedesignedtotakreawayyourfreedomto share andcrhange it. Bycontrast,Kthe GNUGeneralPublicLicenseisin- tendedNtoNguaranrteeyourNfreedomtoshareandcrhangefreesoftrware{toNmake surethesoftrwareisfreeforallitsusers.;ThisGeneralPublicLicenseapplies tomostoftheFVreeSoftrwareFoundation'ssoftrwareandtoanryotherprogram whose˰authorscommit˱tousingit.(SomeotherFVreeSoftrware˰Foundation softrwareSJiscorveredSJbytheGNURLibraryGeneralPublicLicenseinstead.) YVoucanapplyittoyrourprograms,toSo.>When.wrespSeakof/freesoftware,wearereferringtofreedom,notprice. OurցGeneralրPublicLicensesaredesignedtomakresurethatyrouhaveցthe freedomtodistributecopiesoffreesoftrware(andchargeforthisserviceif yrouwish),hthatyoureceivesourcecoSdeorcangetitifyouwantit,hthatyou can$crhange#thesoftware#orusepiecesofitinnewfreeprograms;andthat yrouknowyoucandothesethings.TVo-protect-yrourrights,Sqwe-needtomakrerestrictionsthatforbidanryone-to denryyoutheserightsortoaskyroutosurrendertherighrts.NTheserestrictions translatesitoshcertainrespSonsibilitiesforyrouifyroudistributecopiesofthe softrware,orifyroumoSdifyit.7+߱~ O48lCHAPTER1. #GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSEc߱EFVorexample,ifyroudistributecopiesofsuchaprogram,whethergratis4orsforsafee,yroumustsgivetherecipientssalltherightsthatsyouhave.bYVou4mrustmakesurethattheyV,toSo,receiveorcangetthesourcecoSde.z|Andyrou4mrustshowthemthesetermssotheyknowtheirrights.荑EWVeEprotectyrourrightswithtwosteps:(1)copyrightthesoftware,and4(2)o eryrouthislicensewhichgivesyoulegalpSermissiontocopyV,distribute4and/ormoSdifythesoftrware.獑EAlso,mforN}eacrhauthor'sN|protectionandours,mwrewantN|tomakeN|certainthat4evreryone$understandsthat#thereisnowrarranty$forthisfreesoftrware.ISIf$the4softrwareciscmoSdi edbrysomeoneelseandpassedon,~wrewantcitsrecipientscto4knorwathatwhattheyhaveisbnottheoriginal, sothatanyproblemsintroSduced4bryotherswillnotre ectontheoriginalauthors'reputations.EFinallyV,Eanryfreeprogramisthreatenedconstantlybysoftwarepatents.4WVeͩwishtoarvoidͩthedangerthatredistributorsofafreeprogramwillin-4dividually@obtainpatenrtlicenses,Uine ectmakingtheprogramproprietaryV.4TVoprevrentthis, 8wehavemadeitclearthatanrypatentmustbSelicensedfor4evreryone'sfreeuseornotlicensedatall.ETheجpreciseحtermsandconditionsforcoprying,EdistributionandmoSdi ca-4tionfollorw.)41.2`GTaGermszandconditionsWB\h0.Q_ThisLicenseappliestoanryprogramorotherwrorkwhichcontainsaQ_noticeplacedbrythecopyrightholdersayingitmaybSedistributedun-Q_derGEtheGFtermsofthisGeneralPublicLicense.NThe"Program",^mbSelorw,Q_refersStoTanrysuchTprogramorwork,4?anda"workTbasedonthePro-Q_gram"meanseithertheProgramoranryderivXativeworkundercopy-Q_righrtZ#law:thatZ"istosayV,vaZ"workcontainingtheZ"ProgramorapSortionQ_ofbSesimilar?inspirittothepresenrtversion,#but>maydi er>indetailQ_toaddressnewproblemsorconcerns.Q_Eacrh$version%isgiven%adistinguishingvrersionnumbSer.LUIf%theProgramQ_spSeci es?avrersionnumbSerofthisLicense@whichappliestoitand"anyQ_latervrersion",youhavetheoptionoffollowingthetermsandconditionsQ_either of thatvrersionorofanrylatervrersionpublishedbrytheFVreeQ_SoftrwareFVoundation.SIftheProgramdoSesnotspecifyavrersionnumbSerQ_ofFthisELicense,yroumayFchoSoseanyFversioneverEpublishedbyEtheFVreeQ_SoftrwareFVoundation.<|l10.Q_IfyrouwishtoincorpSoratepartsofthePrograminrtootherfreeprogramsQ_whose4distribution4conditionsaredi erenrt,GqwritetotheauthortoaskQ_for&pSermission._FVorsoftrware'which&iscopryrighted&bytheFVreeSoftwareQ_FVoundation,write̶to̷theFree̷Softrware̶Foundation;,we̷sometimes̶makeQ_exceptions forthis.2OurdecisionwillbSeguidedbry thetwogoalsofQ_preserving/the/freestatusofallderivXativresofourfreesoftrware/andofQ_promotingthesharingandreuseofsoftrwaregenerallyV. ݘNOWARRANTY iY߱~ O 1.2. #TERMSANDCONDITIONS$Ź13c߱|l11.'_BECArUSETHEPROGRAMISLICENSEDFREEOFCHARGE,'_THERE8ISNO8WARRANTYFrORTHEPROGRAM,8TOTHEEX-'_TENTPERMITTEDBYAPPLICABLELAW.pEXrCEPTWHENOTH-'_ERWISESTVATEDINWRITINGTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSAND/OR'_OTHER PVARTIES PRrOVIDETHEPROGRAM"AS IS"WITHOUT'_WARRANTYOFANYKIND,EITHEREXPRESSEDORIMPLIED,'_INCLUDING,pBUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIMPLIEDWARRANTIES'_OFMERrCHANTVABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPVARTICULAR'_PURPOSE.xaTHExEENTIRExDRISKASTOTHEQUALITYANDPER-'_FrORMANCEOFTHEPROGRAMISWITHYOU.SHOULDTHE'_PRrOGRAMlPROVElDEFECTIVE,lYOUASSUMETHECOSTOF'_ALLNECESSARVYSERVICING,REPAIRORCORRECTION.|l12.'_INNOEVENTUNLESSREQUIREDBYAPPLICABLELAWOR'_ArGREED\TO\INWRITINGWILLANYCOPYRIGHTHOLDER,'_OR_ANYOTHERPVARTY_WHO_MAYMODIFYAND/ORREDIS-'_TRIBUTE*THEPRrOGRAM*ASPERMITTEDABOVE,+BELIABLE'_TO8YOU8FrORDAMAGES,9#INCLUDINGANY8GENERAL,9"SPE-'_CIAL,$INCIDENTVALORCONSEQUENTIALDrAMAGESARISING'_OUTOFTHEUSEORINABILITYTOUSETHEPRrOGRAM(IN-'_CLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOLOSSOFDrAVTAORDAVTA'_BEINGnRENDEREDnINArCCURAVTEORLOSSESSUSTVAINEDBY'_YOU9ORTHIRD8PVARTIES9ORAFAILUREOFTHEPRrOGRAM'_TOM5OPERAVTEM6WITHANYOTHERPRrOGRAMS),M]EVENIFSUCH'_HOLDEROR OTHERPVARTYHASBEENADrVISEDOFTHEPOS-'_SIBILITYOFSUCHDrAMAGES. u\ENDOFTERMSANDCONDITIONSv߱~ O414fCHAPTER1. #GNUGENERALPUBLICLICENSEc߱~&߱~ Oc߱ ͍ Chapter T{22͍ In8tro duction7L̍ When:I9wraswritingmydoSctoralthesisinthelate802thw,I9spenrtmytotal sarvings[andbSoughtan[IBM-compatiblepSersonalcomputer,wthatwasbased ona8080microproScessor.WOfcourse,IvwrasusingLDD"A_ٹT UE!Xastext-proScessing softrware. F(InspiredbymybrotherBernhard,IQdecidedtousePUIC T UE!Xto generatethecrhartsformythesis.However,IsoSonrecognizedthattheT UE!X vrersionthatIusedatthistime(PCT UE!X)wrasnotsuitabletogeneratePUIC T UE!X crharts,sinceIveryoftenreceivedmessages,suchas: !߆T cmtt12!,TeXcapacityexceeded,sorry[mainmemorysize=65536bytes]L͍FinallyV,`theexcellenrtT UE!XimplementationfromEbSerhardMattesap- pSeared NandI coulduseBigT UE!Xtogeneratemry OthesesusingtheMS-DOS opSeratingsystem.Later,EPIswitcrhedtotheLinuxopSeratingsystemthatcame with{theteT UE!Xzimplemenrtationandmemorymanagementwasznolongera limitation.)BTVoSdary,$'I3amsusingttheMikTVeXimplemenrtationtofT UE!Xonthe MS-WindorwsgVistaopSeratinggsystem.Theoldgoriginal lesofgmydoSctoral thesisstillrunsmoSothlythroughMikTVeX withoutmodi cationsandthatis 20yrearsafterthethesiswaswritten.Horwever,theuseofPUIC T UE!Xforgeneratingcrhartsisstillquitetimecon- suming,K`bSecauseѢthePUIC T UE!Xѡmacrolanguage,althoughvrerypSowerful,K`is somewhatarwkward.p;PicturesmustbSedescribedbrythePUIC T UE!Xprogram- minglanguageandusuallyalotofdebuggingisnecessarytoobtainthe desiredresult.`ThismarybSethelargestdisadvXantageofPUIC T UE!X.`Otherwise, PUIC T UE!XMisNvreryadvXancedando ersnearlyevrerythingnecessarytogenerate vreryĜniceěchartsofěscienti cdataěmaterial.ƻInordertoorvercometheětime consumingppartpofgeneratingthePUIC T UE!XcoSde,IpsdecidedtowriteaPUIC T UE!X- preproScessorthatdoesallthenastrypartingeneratingPUIC T UE!XcoSde.#This preproScessory4takresaverysimplemacro leasinputandgeneratesanoutput le\nconrtaining\othePUIC T UE!XcoSde.3Theoutput lecanthenbSeincludedina doScumenrtlbythek\inputcommand.+AswithmostpreproScessorsthereare 15~߱~ O416.CHAPTER2. #INTRrODUCTIONc߱4somejlimitationskofFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!X.'First,[onlynrumericaldiagramsbasedon4data/tmaterialcan/ubSegenerated. ESecond,onlyalimitedsetofcommands4areimplemenrted,bo eringonlybasicinstructions.2Therefore,c netuningthe4PUIC T UE!XVcoSdeWisusuallystillnecessaryV.tHorwever,aVworkingskeletonWofthe4PUIC T UE!X lecanbSegeneratedeasilybryFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!X.߱~ Oc߱ Chapter T{32 Installation T{andUsage8 TVouseFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!XyroucertainlyneedT UEX.F4T UEXwrasdevelopSedbyDonald E.gKnruth.HisT UE!XbSookg[1]ishthebasisofallpackXagesbasedhonthemost advXancedhtrypSesettingsoftwareavXailableforalmostanycomputerplatform. InadditiontoT UE!XyroualsoneedLDD"A_ٹT UE!XthatwrasdevelopSedasanextension toT UE!XbryLeslieLampSortwhohaswrittentheoriginalLDD"A_ٹT UEXmanrual[2].]In addition,0yrou"need"PUIC T UE!XthatisdescribSedin[3].ThePUIC T UE!Xmanrualby the7author7ofPUIC T UE!X,K9MicrhaelJ.Wicrhura,K9is7anindepthdescriptionofthe PUIC T UE!X|system}andiscertainlywrorthtoread.M]ThePUIC T UE!Xmanrualusedto bSefreelyarvXailableontheInternet.ݝCurrentlyV,itisonlyavXailableforpurchase.Installation5CofFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!Xisassimpleasunpacrking5Bthearchive,and runningmakre. AbinaryexecutableversionofFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!XfortheMS- DOS/Windorws0opSeratingsystem1isincluded.xCompilationoftheprogram for otheropSeratign systemsshouldbestraighrtforward withanystandard C++compiler(IharveusedtheMinGWCompiler).8@ tar,-xzvffastpictex-x.y.tar.gz cd,fastpictex-x.y/src makeOncepyrouhavegeneratedtheexecutable,HyouarereadytogeneratePUIC T UE!X coSdeinjustafewseconds.&fastpictexisacommandlineprogramthatac- ceptsntrwomparameters:ktheinput lenameandtheoutput lename.1The input leisaFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!Xmacro le,:whiletheoutput leisthePUIC T UE!X coSde+thatcan*beincludedina*LDD"A_ٹT UE!Xdocumenrt.aThus,wrunning+FyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!X isassimpleastryping:8Ay1fastpictex,file_infile_outAsanexample,*considerthevrerysimpleinput le(bargraph.fpt)that generatesabargraphwithfourcolumnsandstandard-errorbars: 17߱~ O418MwCHAPTER3. #INSTVALLATIONANDUSArGEc߱7ث\qffR\hx ff~" ff̟ ffv ff ffʟ ffYfd0{Wfd1fd2fd3>Ufd4bfd5\hx=ffVqffǎV䟸 ffǎV䟎+ffǎVcg6ffǎV8AffǎGn10Gn쟼m15Gn쟑20Gng25GnU87*4Figure3.1:"K`y 3 cmr10Thismbargraphnw!asproMducedbyF[wASrTP[wIѪC˦T,[wEB Xnbyonlyfournlinesof 4inputfcoMde. 4type Ybar4x4y13 Y141824"*"4dy41.5,1.92.45.2ETVo> generatea> PUIC T UE!X lethatcanbSeincludedinanryLDD"A_ٹT UE!X le(the4PUIC T UE!XpacrkXagemustbSeincluded)runthecommand:ٖfastpictex,bargraph.fptbargraph.ltxEA]HLDD"A_ٹT UE!X]ldoScumenrtthatincludesthebargraph(seeFig.3.1)generatedby4FyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!XcouldbSe:4\documentclass[12pt]{book}4\usepackage{pictex}4\begin{document}4This,isaprettynicebargraph:\\4\input,bargraph.ltx4\end{document}߱~ Oc߱ Chapter T{42 The T{macrolanguage8 TheFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!XmacrolanguageconsistsofafewcommandsthatcanbSe usedctodesigncacrhart. OTheseriesofcomandsthatcompSoseacrhartare generallywrittentoa leusingatexteditor,sucrhasemacsorvi.ԝAcommand alwrays6{starts6|inthe rstcolumnofaline.ZFVollorwingthecommandwrordat leastonewhitespacecrharactermustbSeinsertedbeforetheparametersforthe commandEareEadded.JTheparametersforthecommandsarealsoseparated brywhitspacecharactersandcancontinueinsubsequentlines.However,8if sevreraltslinestrareusedforonecommand,thenthesubsequenrtlinesmruststart withatleastonewhitespacecrharacter(insteadofwithacommandwrord). AsOanexample,considerthefollorwingmacroforthelinegraphshownin Fig.4.1: type,line x41,2345(6,78910 y495,10011095105(110,120125145160In8thisexample,\thexandycommandsarespreadorver8twolines.^Note, thatJtheJsecondlinesforthesecommandsstartwithwhitespacecrharacters. WhitespacecrharacterscanbSeblanksortabulators.ItisalsopSossibletodesigncrhartswithmorethanoneseriesofdata.!FVor eacrhEseriesEofdata,fcommandsmustbSeEprovidedasdemonstratedEinthenext example.TheIexampleJconsistsofthreeseriesofxycrharts.Theresulting crhartisshowninFig.4.2.,Note,thatthethreedataseriesareautomatically distinguished7brydi erentsymbSols(i.e.Xby lledcircles,opSencircles,andbry diamonds). type,xy 19߱~ O420՘CHAPTER4. #THEMArCROLANGUAGEc߱ *ZWqffގZs$ ff! ff ff} ff+ ffS$fd0.0}Ҍfd2.5fd5.0.{fd7.5ufd10.0Zs$=ffTِqffǎTِñffǎTِMffǎTِchffǎTِ8ffǎEy80?n[100?120?g140? .|$.|ic.} M.}J.}8d.}}\.~ Ÿ .~Le.~Lk.~̑. ֟f.Mz.`).ͥg. ꟳ.N/8.th.ι.G.OCi..͟V.j.PW.e.៰k.&.Qkt.$l..:.R3m.ğ. .NBn.S.؟.Qo.b.T.쟫`p.1.v.Uoq..E.~r.Vϟ...Ys.=.W㟧.(t.mL..Xu.<[ .ف .Ɵv.Z j!.P.ڕw.ڟy".[(.dx.۩#.۸. G.<֟>.me&.1.΃O<.G./R.`0`].h.Ns.ݟq~."l̉.R'..ݪ.䨟8.7.EƟ.vUI.䟪.s.Z.8.i  .l.>#.͟"..+\}9.[럭D.z3O. 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FWlj.<ՠW_.mdVT.V[I.΂V>.U3./UJ(.`/T.T.MT9.ܠS."kS.RS'.R.Rq.䧠R.6Q.EŠQ`.vTQ.P.rPO.O.8Ox.iO>m.Nb.=NW.̠N-L.+[MA.[Mw6.yM+.L .헠Lf.&L .NK.DKT.ӠJ.bJ.JC.AI.rI.I2.-Hק.H|.4KH!.dڠGƆ.iGk{.Gp.Fe.'FZZ.WEO.4ED.àEI9.RD..D#.JpD8.zC .C.C&. B.=;Bp.mʠB.YA.A_.wA.0@.`@N.$?.?.B?=~."Ѡ>s.S`>h.>,].~=R. =vG.=<.F+<1.v֛mWğӳ^@{B[5cՅZÁ/QfaFigure4.2:8AfXY-graphwiththreeseries./O*2qffb2hx ff]] ff) ffr ffڟ ff+fd0.0UΟfd1.6ufd3.2#fd4.8Kfd6.42hx=`ff,qffǎ,䟸=ffǎ,䟎effǎ,cgffǎ,8ffǎ#N8n쟼m12n쟑16ng720nQ.e矺h.e쐟.f.9.fo⟹|).f-_.f4ޕ.f5C.g4ޟy.gv@.g0.gٟ.h;TQ.h}+.hԟ.i}g.iB&).iϟ_.ix{.j!,.jHʟ.js7.j@m.k ş.kOn.kT.kE.li{.lVg.l.ld.m {S.m\,.m_ݿ.m.n!@+.ncZa.n.n欟S.o(U.oi9.ogo.oP.p..pp{.pK,G.p}.q5.qwF?.q.qU.r.C.P쟛M.R.>.矚.Wf%.9[.⟙ȑ.y.^4*.ݟ3.ޟ.4.@[W..6.1.⟗ZC.8."ٹ.r䟖t.:Y/..c柕إ.<`.X.T蟕.>ב.L.E꟔W.@.斟}.6쟓8.BU.ט.'i.xD$.ȚT..iFU.. S.ZH.A..KJR.r.-.8.uC|.ř|.|}i.fE|=$.{.{.WG{|U.{<.z.HIz.z{A.z:.9Ky.yr.yz-.*My9.zx.x^.Oxy.kx8.w. QwJ.\wx.w7.Sv{.Mv6.vv.Uv6.>ug.u".Wuu./u5.tS.Yt. tt.qt4.[s?.s.bss.]s3p.r+.S r._rr.r2\.D q.aq.䷠qq.5 q1H.cp.չp.&ppy.vep04.ƻo.o.ggooe.o/ .n.Xin.nnQ.n. .ZѹFigure4.3:8Afgraphwithdi eren!tcharttypMes.m߱~ O422՘CHAPTER4. #THEMArCROLANGUAGEc߱EIfxVacrhartthatxWconsistsofseveralseriesistobSecomposed,4itisimportanrt4tofunderstand,horwgFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!Xhandelstheorderofthecommands.Ifa4commandwrordoSccursforthe rsttime,0thecommandbelongstothe rst4series.HIfWtheWcommandwrordappSearsforasecondorthirdtime,sitbSelongs4tothesecondorthirdseries.!Therefore,theexamplethatgeneratedFig.4.34couldharvealsobSeenwrittenas:04type,xy4type,line4x41g23454x41g23454y49g12 Y1517194y49g12 Y1517194dxg0.5,0.60.40.50.74dyg0.8,0.91.22.02.41EIn(the)follorwingsectionsofthiscrhapter,HthevXariouscommandsarede-4scribSedindetail.FVoreacrhcommand,wexamplesaregivenastohowtouse4thecommands.'744.1`GCommenuts,zthe%commandb#4TVoSaddTcommenrts,?~usethecommandwrord%.jAsanexample,?themacro4coSdeforoneoftheformerexamples(Fig4.3)canbewrittenas:*덑4%4first,,theXY-Graphwith5datapoints4type,xy4x41g23454y49g12 Y1517194%4there,arestandarderrorsforthexandy-values4dxg0.5,0.60.40.50.74dyg0.8,0.91.22.02.44%4here,comesthelinegraph4type,line4x41g23454y49g12 Y15171944.2`GThezsizecommandb#4Thesizecommandallorwstode nethewidthandheighrtoftheplot.The4parameters*ofthesize)commandarethewidthandtheheighrtofthechart߱~ O 4.3. #THETYPECOMMANDڮP23c߱P!͵[8{33ffF8HtljffgUljff 6ljffƌljffljff%cٟljffTϺljff5(0d(1ck(2L(3;-(4"(5R(68HtE|ff233ffǎ2ܡԄffǎ2uffǎ2ffǎ2qffǎ).0#NL~25#N蟼50#N蟙)75nua100Tt33ff^GTtff^GTt33=ffgU33=ff(U33ff^G(U+ff^G(U33Pnff 633Pnff633ff^G6ff^G6330Ŵffƌ330Ŵff33ff^G΄ff^G33_ff33_ffk33ff^Gkt%ff^Gk33tff%cٞ33tff^8dȃ aff[4ȶ҄ffƎ[4UffƎEq :&ff>ffƎjffƎ&Q affjՄffƎj# ffƎ|ffןOffƎןMffƎ蟂tLffBKffƎBfffƎg爉Si ƿJ++)B;% G"q0Effn+ffƎnzBffƎ&㋴JffffƎ5ffƎYnffbןքffƎbןhffƎsLNffθffƎθboffƎ.ɟa <>ff,:.ffƎ,:VffƎ/QSFigure4.4:8Anfexamplewithanon-standardsize. J whicrhmustbSothbegivreninunitsofcenrtimeters(cm).}Ifnosizecommand isugivren,׫theuwidthandheightbSothudefaultto6cm. Theoutputofthe follorwingexampleisshownin gure4.4.ۍ size,105 type,bar x y,4356346798 dy,4 Y54710 type,bar x y,21231229 Y50 dy,2 Y312.54.36ٍ 4.36GTheztuyp=ecommand The(trypSe(commandde neswhatkindofcrhartshouldbSegenerated.qThe arvXailablecharttypSesare::ɍ'_XY-graphs'_linegraphs'_bargraphs߱~ O424՘CHAPTER4. #THEMArCROLANGUAGEc߱4Pleasey@kreepinmind,thatyoumustyAenteratypSecommandforeveryseries4inyrourchart.8ItisnotpSossibletode nethecharttypSeonceforallseries!#U4#Nff cmbx124.3.1eXY-Graphs4TVoWgenerateWaXY-graph,simplyuse\type,xy". fAnexampleisgivrenin4Fig.M4.2. b5WithXY-graphsitMissometimesinrterestingtostudythecorre-4lationQbSetrweenRthetwoRvXariablesXandY.WithFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!XthiscanbSe4accomplishedbrythe\tline"commandexplainedlater.44.3.2eLine-Graphs4TVogeneratealine-graph,"use\type,line".$=AnexampleisgivreninFig.4.1.44.3.3eBar-Graphs4TVo"generateabar-graph,3 usethecommand#\type,bar".^Anexampleisgivren4ind{Fig.3.1.ZThex-coSordinatesd|ofbar-graphsalwraysd{startat1andincrease4brystepsof1.Therefore,|thexcommandforabargraphmaryconsistofonly4theletterxandnoactualx-coSordinates.(44.4`GTheztlinecommand-Regressionlines4The\tline"commandgeneratesregressionlinesandthelinearregression4equation*for+XY-graphs.LfThe\tline"commandisfollorwed+byaparameter4that)Hcan)GbSe0,O1,Oor2.kA)parameterof0isequivXalenrttonottrypSethe\tline"4commandatall.Z9tline,0꨹noregressionlineandnolinearregressionequation.69tline,1꨹regressionlinebutnolinearregressionequation.79tline,2꨹regressionlineandlinearregressionequation.EBelorwF0isF1theFyUAߒS◟jT_PUIC T UE!XcoSdeofasmallexamplewithregressionlines.4The8correspSonding9graphisshorwninFig.4.5.Pleasenotethatthelinear4regressionYequationXisonlyprinrtedforthesecondXY-graphbSecausethe4parameterforthetlinecommandforthe rstXY-graphis\1".y4type,xy4x,1234߱~ O 4.4. #THETLINECOMMAND-REGRESSIONLINESV25c߱ y,12242945 tline,1 type,xy x,0.82.22.93.54.2 y,1937566276 tline,2 `͵[*[33ffR*(ljffLҟljffn|ljff&ljff%ПljffJzljff'](0I(1l(2D[(3i(4ҍ(5*(ff$33ffǎ$ffǎ$꓄ffǎ$Cffǎ$wffǎ$U}ffǎy0ṍ16=32p48{L64Y(M80Iolt34YY)ēҰ.*o.*pK6.*'sh.+;.+qߟ.+ǻ.,0.,ss\b.,O$.-+.-u.-}*.. 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