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The GNU Hurd

This file documents the GNU Hurd kernel component. This edition of the documentation was last updated for version No value for VERSION of the Hurd.

Copyright © 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.

1. Introduction   How to use this manual.
2. Bootstrap   Turning a computer into a Hurd machine.
3. Foundations   Basic features used throughout the Hurd.
4. Input and Output   Reading and writing I/O channels.
5. Files   Regular file and directory nodes.
6. Special Files   Files with unusual Unix-compatible semantics.
7. Stores   Generalized units of storage.
8. Stored Filesystems   Filesystems for physical media.
9. Twisted Filesystems   Providing new hierarchies for existing data.
10. Distributed Filesystems   Sharing files between separate machines.
11. Networking   Interconnecting with other machines.
12. Terminal Handling   Helping people interact with the Hurd.
13. Running Programs   Program execution and process management.
14. Authentication   Verifying user and server privileges.
Index   Guide to concepts, functions, and files. 
 — The Detailed Node Listing —

Introduction
1.1 Audience   The people for whom this manual is written.
1.2 Features   Reasons to install and use the Hurd.
1.3 Overview   Basic architecture of the Hurd.
1.4 History   How the Hurd was born.
1.5 GNU General Public License   The Hurd is free software. 
Bootstrap
2.1 Bootloader   Starting the microkernel, or other OSes.
2.2 Server Bootstrap   Waking up the Hurd.
2.3 Shutdown   Letting the Hurd get some rest. 
Server Bootstrap
2.2.1 Recursive Bootstrap   Running a Hurd under another Hurd.
2.2.2 Boot Scripts   Describing server bootstrap relationships.
2.2.3 Invoking boot   How to use the boot program. 
Foundations
3.1 Threads Library   Every Hurd server and library is multithreaded.
3.2 Ports Library   Managing server port receive rights.
3.3 Integer Hash Library   Integer-keyed hash tables.
3.4 Misc Library   Things that soon will be in the GNU C library.
3.5 Bug Address Library   Where to report Hurd bugs. 
Ports Library
3.2.1 Buckets and Classes   Basic units of port organization.
3.2.2 Port Rights   Moving port rights to and from libports.
3.2.3 Port Metadata   Managing port-related information.
3.2.4 Port References   Guarding against leaks and lossage.
3.2.5 RPC Management   Locking and interrupting RPC operations. 
Input and Output
4.1 Iohelp Library   I/O authentication and lock management.
4.2 Pager Library   Implementing multithreaded external pagers.
4.3 I/O Interface   RPC-based input/output channels. 
Iohelp Library
4.1.1 I/O Users   User authentication management.
4.1.2 Conch Management   Deprecated shared I/O implementation. 
Pager Library
4.2.1 Pager Management   High-level interface to external pagers.
4.2.2 Pager Callbacks   Functions that the user must define. 
I/O Interface
4.3.1 I/O Object Ports   How ports to I/O objects work.
4.3.2 Simple Operations   Read, write, and seek.
4.3.3 Open Modes   State bits that affect pieces of operation.
4.3.4 Asynchronous I/O   How to be notified when I/O is possible.
4.3.5 Information Queries   How to implement io_stat and io_server_version.
4.3.6 Mapped Data   Getting memory objects referring to the data of an I/O object. 
Files
5.1 Translators   Extending the Hurd filesystem hierarchy.
5.2 Trivfs Library   Implementing single-file translators.
5.3 Fshelp Library   Miscellaneous generic filesystem routines.
5.4 File Interface   File ports implement the file interface.
5.5 Filesystem Interface   Translator control interface. 
Translators
5.1.1 Invoking settrans   Declaring how a node should be translated.
5.1.2 Invoking showtrans   Displaying how nodes are translated.
5.1.3 Invoking mount   Unix-compatible active filesystem translators.
5.1.4 Invoking fsysopts   Modifying translation parameters at runtime. 
Trivfs Library
5.2.1 Trivfs Startup   Writing a simple trivfs-based translator.
5.2.2 Trivfs Callbacks   Mandatory user-defined trivfs functions.
5.2.3 Trivfs Options   Optional user-defined trivfs functions.
5.2.4 Trivfs Ports   Managing control and protid ports. 
Fshelp Library
5.3.1 Passive Translator Linkage   Invoking passive translators.
5.3.2 Active Translator Linkage   Managing active translators.
5.3.3 Fshelp Locking   Implementing file locking.
5.3.4 Fshelp Permissions   Standard file access permission policies.
5.3.5 Fshelp Misc   Useful standalone routines. 
File Interface
5.4.1 File Overview   Basic concepts for the file interface.
5.4.2 Changing Status   Changing the owner (etc.) of a file.
5.4.3 Program Execution   Executing files.
5.4.4 File Locking   Implementing the flock call.
5.4.5 File Frobbing   Other active calls on files.
5.4.6 Opening Files   Looking up files in directories.
5.4.7 Modifying Directories   Creating and deleting nodes.
5.4.8 Notifications   File and directory change callbacks.
5.4.9 File Translators   How to set and get translators. 
Stores
7.3 Store Library   An abstract interface to storage systems. 
Store Library
7.3.1 Store Arguments   Parsing store command-line arguments.
7.3.2 Store Management   Creating and manipulating stores.
7.3.3 Store I/O   Reading and writing data to stores.
7.3.4 Store Classes   Ready-to-use storage backends.
7.3.5 Store RPC Encoding   Transferring store descriptors via RPC. 
Stored Filesystems
8.1 Repairing Filesystems   Recovering from minor filesystem crashes.
8.2 Linux Extended 2 FS   The popular Linux filesystem format.
8.3 BSD Unix FS   The BSD Unix 4.x Fast File System.
8.4 ISO-9660 CD-ROM FS   Standard CD-ROM format.
8.5 Diskfs Library   Implementing new filesystem servers. 
Diskfs Library
8.5.1 Diskfs Startup   Initializing stored filesystems.
8.5.2 Diskfs Arguments   Parsing command-line arguments.
8.5.3 Diskfs Globals   Global behaviour modification.
8.5.4 Diskfs Node Management   Allocation, reference counting, I/O, caching, and other disk node routines.
8.5.5 Diskfs Callbacks   Mandatory user-defined diskfs functions.
8.5.6 Diskfs Options   Optional user-defined diskfs functions.
8.5.7 Diskfs Internals   Reimplementing small pieces of diskfs. 
Distributed Filesystems
10.1 File Transfer Protocol   A distributed filesystem based on FTP.
10.2 Network File System   Sun’s NFS: a lousy, but common filesystem. 
File Transfer Protocol
10.1.3 FTP Connection Library   Managing remote FTP server connections. 
Networking
11.4 Socket Interface   Network communication I/O protocol. 
Authentication
14.5 Auth Interface   Auth ports implement the auth interface. 
Auth Interface
14.5.1 Auth Protocol   Bidirectional authentication. 








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